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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
Stoker, H Stefen
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Últimas novedades
química orgánica
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| Comprehensive problem-solving support, engaging visuals, and a focus on the applications of chemistry combine to make this text an ideal match for allied health majors. Throughout the book, the author minimizes complicated mathematics. Early chapters focus on fundamental chemical principles while later chapters build on the foundation of these principles, developing the concepts and applications central to organic and biological chemistry. The Fourth Edition further develops the strengths of the previous editions with a refreshed, contemporary art program, additional challenging problems, |
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Basic Concepts About Matter
1.1 Chemistry: The Study of Matter
1.2 Physical States of Matter
1.3 Properties of Matter
1.4 Changes in Matter
Chemistry at a Glance: Use of the Terms Physical and Chemical
1.5 Pure Substances and Mixtures
1.6 Elements and Compounds
Chemistry at a Glance: Classes of Matter
1.7 Discovery and Abundance of the Elements
1.8 Names and Chemical Symbols of Elements
1.9 Atoms and Molecules
1.10 Chemicals and Formulas
Chemical Connections: "Good" Versus "Bad" Properties for a Chemical Substance; Elemental Composition of the Human Body
2. Measurements in Chemistry
2.1 Measurement Systems
2.2 Metric System Units
2.3 Exact and Inexact Numbers
2.4 Uncertainty in Measurement and Significant Figures
Chemistry at a Glance: Significant Figures
2.5 Significant Figures and Mathematical Operations
2.6 Scientific Notation
2.7 Conversion Factors and Dimensional Analysis
Chemistry at a Glance: Conversion Factors
2.8 Density
2.9 Temperature Scales and Heat Energy
Chemical Connections: Body Density and Percent Body Fat; Normal Human Body Temperature
3. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
3.1 Internal Structure of an Atom
3.2 Atomic Number and Mass Number
3.3 Isotopes and Atomic Masses
Chemistry at a Glance: Atomic Structure
3.4 The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
3.5 Metals and Nonmetals
3.6 Electron Arrangements Within Atoms
Chemistry at a Glance: Shell-Subshell-Orbital Interrelationships
3.7 Electron Configurations and Orbital Diagrams
3.8 The Electronic Basis for the Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
3.9 Classification of the Elements
Chemistry at a Glance: Element Classification Schemes and the Periodic Table
Chemical Connections: Protium, Deuterium, and Tritium: The Three Isotopes of Hydrogen; Importance of Metallic and Nonmetallic Trace Elements for Human Health; Electrons in Excited States
4. Chemical Bonding: The Ionic Bond Model
4.1 Chemical Bonds
4.2 Valence Electrons and Lewis Symbols
4.3 The Octet Rule
4.4 The Ionic Bond Model
4.5 The Sign and Magnitude of Ionic Change
4.6 Ionic Compound Formation
4.7 Chemical Formulas for Ionic Compounds
4.8 The Structure of Ionic Compounds
4.9 Recognizing and Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
Chemistry at a Glance: Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds
4.10 Polyatomic Ions
4.11 Chemical Formulas and Names for Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
Chemistry at a Glance: Nomenclature of Ionic Compounds
Chemical Connections: Fresh Water, Seawater, Hard Water, and Soft Water: A Matter of Ions; Tooth Enamel: A Combination of Monoatomoc and Polyatomic Ions
5. Chemical Bonding: The Covalent Bond Model
5.1 The Covalent Bond Model
5.2 Lewis Structures for Molecular Compounds
5.3 Single, Double, and Triple Covalent Bonds
5.4 Valence Electrons and Number of Covalent Bonds Formed
5.5 Coordinate Covalent Bonds
5.6 Systematic Procedures for Drawing Lewis Structures
5.7 Bonding in Compounds with Polyatomic Ions Present
5.8 Molecular Geometry
Chemistry at a Glance: The Geometry of Molecules
5.9 Electronegativity
5.10 Bond Polarity
5.11 Molecular Polarity
Chemistry at a Glance: Covalent Bonds and Molecular Compounds
5.12 Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
Chemical Connections: Nitric Oxide: A Molecule Whose Bonding Does Not Follow "The Rules"; Molecular Geometry and Odor
6. Chemical Calculations: Formula Masses, Moles, and Chemical Equations
6.1 Formula Masses
6.2 The Mole: A Counting Unit for Chemists
6.3 The Mass of a Mole
6.4 Chemical Formulas and the Mole Concept
6.5 The Mole and Chemical Calculations
6.6 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
6.7 Chemical Equations and the Mole Concept
Chemistry at a Glance: Relationships Involving the Mole Concept
6.8 Chemical Calculations Using Chemical Equations
Chemical Connections: Chemical Reactions on an Industrial Scale: Sulfuric Acid
7. Gases, Liquids, and Solids
7.1 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter
7.2 Kinetic Molecular Theory and Physical States
7.3 Gas Law Variables
7.4 Boyle’s Law: A Pressure-Volume Relationship
7.5 Charles’s Law: A Temperature-Volume Relationship
7.6 The Combined Gas Law
7.7 The Ideal Gas Law
7.8 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Chemistry at a Glance: The Gas Laws
7.9 Changes of State
7.10 Evaporation of Liquids
7.11 Vapor Pressure of Liquids
7.12 Boiling and Boiling Point
7.13 Intermolecular Forces in Liquids
Chemistry at a Glance: Intermolecular Forces
Chemical Connections: The Importance of Gas Densities; Blood Pressure and the Sodium Ion/Potassium Ion Ratio; Hydrogen Bonding and the Density of Water
8. Solutions
8.1 Characteristics of Solutions
8.2 Solubility
8.3 Solution Formation
8.4 Solubility Rules
8.5 Solution Concentration Units
8.6 Dilution
Chemistry at a Glance: Solutions
8.7 Colloidal Dispersions
8.8 Colligative Properties of Solutions
8.9 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
Chemistry at a Glance: Summary of Colligative Properties
8.10 Dialysis
Chemical Connections: Factors Affecting Gas Solubility; Solubility of Vitamins; Controlled-Release Drugs: Regulating Concentration, Rate, and Location of Release; The Artificial Kidney: A Hemodialysis Machine
9. Chemical Reactions
9.1 Types of Chemical Reactions
9.2 Redox and Nonredox Reactions
Chemistry at a Glance: Types of Chemical Reactions
9.3 Terminology Associated with Redox Processes
9.4 Collision Theory and Chemical Reactions
9.5 Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
9.6 Factors That Influence Reaction Rates
9.7 Chemical Equilibrium
Chemistry at a Glance: Factors That Influence Reaction Rates
9.8 Equilibrium Constants
9.9 Altering Equilibrium Conditions: Le Châtelier’s Principle
Chemical Connections: Combustion Reactions, Carbon Dioxide, and Global Warning; "Undesirable" Oxidation-Reduction Processes: Metallic Corrosion; Stratospheric Ozone: An Equilibrium Situation
10. Acids, Bases, and Salts
10.1 Arrhenius Acid-Base Theory
10.2 Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory
10.3 Mono-, Di-, and Triprotic Acids
10.4 Strengths of Acids and Bases
10.5 Ionization Constants for Acids and Bases
10.6 Salts
10.7 Acid-Base Neutralization Reactions
10.8 Self-Ionization of Water
10.9 The pH Concept
10.10 The pKa Method for Expressing Acid Strength
10.11 The pH of Aqueous Salt Solutions
Chemistry at a Glance: Acids and Acidic Solutions
10.12 Buffers
10.13 The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
Chemistry at a Glance: Buffer Systems
10.14 Electrolytes
10.15 Acid-Base Titrations
Chemical Connections: Excessive Acidity Within the Stomach: Antacids and Acid Inhibitors; Acid Rain: Excess Acidity; Blood Plasma pH and Hydrolysis; Buffering Action in Human Blood; Electrolytes and Body Fluids
11. Nuclear Chemistry
11.1 Stable and Unstable Nuclides
11.2 The Nature of Radioactivity
11.3 Radioactive Decay
11.4 Rate of Radioactive Decay
Chemistry at a Glance: Radioactive Decay
11.5 Transmutation and Bombardment Reactions
11.6 Radioactive Decay Series
11.7 Chemical Effects of Radiation
11.8 Biochemical Effects of Radiation
11.9 Detection of Radiation
11.10 Sources of Radiation Exposure
11.11 Nuclear Medicine
11.12 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion
Chemistry at a Glance: Charecteristics of Nuclear Reactions
11.13 Nuclear and Chemical Reactions Compared
Chemical Connections: Tobacco Radioactivity and the Uranium-238 Decay Series; Preserving Food Through Food Irradiation; The Indoor Radon-222 Problem
12. Saturated Hydrocarbons
12.1 Organic and Inorganic Compounds
12.2 Bonding Characteristics of the Carbon Atom
12.3 Hydrocarbons and Hydrocarbon Derivatives
12.4 Alkanes: Acyclic Saturated Hydrocarbons
12.5 Structural Formulas
12.6 Alkane Isomerism
12.7 Conformations of Alkanes
12.8 IUPAC Nomenclature for Alkanes
12.9 Line-Angle Formulas for Alkanes
12.10 Classification of Carbon Atoms
12.11 Branched-Chain Alkyl Groups
12.12 Cycloalkanes
12.13 IUPAC Nomenclature for Cycloalkanes
12.14 Isomerism in Cycloalkanes
12.15 Sources of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
12.16 Physical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
12.17 Chemical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
Chemistry at a Glance: Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
12.18 Nomenclature and Properties of Halogenated Alkanes
Chemical Connections: The Occurrence of Methane; The Physiological Effects of Alkanes; Chlorofluorocarbons and the Ozone Layer
13. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
13.1 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
13.2 Characteristics of Alkenes and Cycloalkenes
13.3 Names for Alkenes and Cycloalkenes
13.4 Line-Angle Formulas for Alkenes
13.5 Isomerism in Alkenes
13.6 Naturally Occurring Alkenes
13.7 Physical Properties of Alkenes
13.8 Chemical Reactions of Alkenes
13.9 Polymerization of Alkenes: Addition Polymers
13.10 Alkynes
Chemistry at a Glance: Chemical Reactions of Alkenes
Chemistry at a Glance: IUPAC Nomenclature for Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes
13.11 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
13.12 Names for Aromatic Hydrocarbons
13.13 Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Physical Properties and Sources
13.14 Chemical Reactions of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
13.15 Fused-Ring Aromatic Compounds
Chemical Connections: Ethene: A Plant Hormone and High-Volume Industrial Chemical; Cis-Trans Isomerism and Vision; Carotenoids: A Source of Color; Fused-Ring Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Cancer
14. Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
14.1 Bonding Characteristics of Oxygen Atoms in Organic Compounds
14.2 Structural Characteristics of Alcohols
14.3 Nomenclature for Alcohols
14.4 Isomerism for Alcohols
14.5 Important Commonly Encountered Alcohols
14.6 Physical Properties of Alcohols
14.7 Preparation of Alcohols
14.8 Classification of Alcohols
14.9 Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
Chemistry at a Glance: Summary of Chemical Reactions Involving Alcohols
14.10 Polymeric Alcohols
14.11 Structural Characteristics of Phenols
14.12 Nomenclature for Phenols
14.13 Physical and Chemical Properties of Phenols
14.14 Occurrence of and Uses for Phenols
14.15 Structural Characteristics of Ethers
14.16 Nomenclature for Ethers
14.17 Isomerism for Ethers
14.18 Physical and Chemical Properties of Ethers
14.19 Cyclic Ethers
14.20 Sulfur Analogs and Alcohols
14.21 Sulfur Analogs of Ethers
Chemical Connections: Menthol: A Useful Naturally Occurring Terpene Alcohol; Ethers as General Anesthetics; Marijuana: The Most Commonly Used Illicit Drug; Garlic and Onions: Odiferous Medicinal Plants
15. Aldehydes and Ketones
15.1 The Carbonyl Group
15.2 Structure of Aldehydes and Ketones
15.3 Nomenclature for Aldehydes
15.4 Nomenclature for Ketones
15.5 Isomerism for Aldehydes and Ketones
15.6 Selected Common Aldehydes and Ketones
15.7 Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
15.8 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
15.9 Oxidation and Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones
15.10 Reaction of Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols
Chemistry at a Glance: Summary of Chemical Reactions Involving Aldehydes and Ketones
15.11 Formaldehyde-Based Polymers
15.12 Sulfur-Containing Carbonyl Groups
Chemical Connections: Lachrymatory Aldehydes and Ketones; Melanin: A Hair and Skin Pigment; Diabetes, Aldehyde Oxidation, and Glucose Testing
16. Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Other Acid Derivatives
16.1 Structure of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
16.2 IUPAC Nomenclature for Carboxylic Acids
16.3 Common Names for Carboxylic Acids
16.4 Polyfunctional Carboxylic Acids
16.5 "Metabolic" Acids
16.6 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
16.7 Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
16.8 Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
16.9 Carboxylic Acid Salts
16.10 Structure of Esters
16.11 Preparation of Esters
Chemistry at a Glance: Summary of the "H Versus R" Relationship for Pairs of Hydrocarbon Derivatives
16.12 Nomenclature for Esters
16.13 Selected Common Esters
16.14 Isomerism for Carboxylic Acids and Esters
16.15 Physical Properties of Esters
16.16 Chemical Reactions of Esters
16.17 Sulfur Analogs of Esters
16.18 Polyesters
Chemistry at a Glance: Summary of Chemical Reactions Involving Carboxylic Acids and Esters
16.19 Acid Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides
16.20 Esters and Anhydrides of Inorganic Acids
Chemical Connections: Nonprescription Pain Relievers Derived from Propanoic Acid; Carboxylic Acids and Skin Care; Aspirin; Nitroglycerin: An Inorganic Triester
17. Amines and Amides
17.1 Bonding Characteristics of Nitrogen Atoms in Organic Compounds
17.2 Structure and Classification of Amines
17.3 Nomenclature for Amines
17.4 Isomerism for Amines
17.5 Physical Properties of Amines
17.6 Basicity of Amines
17.7 Amine Salts
17.9 Heterocyclic Amines
17.10 Selected Biochemically Important Amines
17.11 Alkaloids
17.12 Structure and Classification of Amides
17.13 Nomenclature for Amides
17.14 Selected Amides and Their Uses
17.15 Properties of Amides
17.16 Preparation of Amides
17.17 Hydrolysis of Amides
17.18 Polyamides and Polyurethanes
Chemistry at a Glance: Summary of Chemical Reactions Involving Amines and Amides
Chemical Connections: Caffeine: The Most Widely Used Central Nervous System Stimulant; Amphetamines: Central Nervous System Stimulants; Alkaloids Present in Chocolate; Acetaminophen: A Substituted Amide
18. Carbohydrates
18.1 Biochemistry--An Overview
18.2 Occurrence and Functions of Carbohydrates
18.3 Classification of Carbohydrates
18.4 Chirality: Handedness in Molecules
18.5 Stereoisomerism: Enantiomers and Diastereomers
18.6 Designating Handedness Using Fischer Projections
Chemistry at a Glance: Constitutional Isomers and Stereoisomers
18.7 Properties of Enantiomers
18.8 Classification of Monosaccharides
18.9 Biochemically Important Monosaccharides
18.10 Cyclic Forms of Monosaccharides
18.11 Haworth Projection Formulas
18.12 Reactions of Monosaccharides
18.13 Disaccharides
Chemistry at a Glance: "Sugar Terminology" Associated with Monosaccharides and Their Derivatives
18.14 General Characteristics of Polysaccharides
18.15 Storage Polysaccharides
18.16 Structural Polysaccharides
Chemistry at a Glance: Types of Glycosidic Linkages for Common Glucose-Containing Di- and Polysaccharides
18.17 Acidic Polysaccharides
18.18 Glycolipids and Glycoproteins
18.19 Dietary Considerations and Carbohydrates
Chemical Connections: Blood Types and Monosaccharides; Lactose Intolerance and Galactosemia; Artifical Sweeteners; "Good and Bad Carbs": The Glycemic Index
19. Lipids
19.1 Structure and Classification of Lipids
19.2 Fatty Acids: Lipid Building Blocks
19.3 Physical Properties of Fatty Acids
19.4 Energy-Storage Lipids: Triacylglycerols
19.5 Dietary Considerations and Triacylglycerols
19.6 Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols
Chemistry at a Glance: Classification Schemes for Fatty Acid Residues Present in Triacylglycerols
19.7 Membrane Lipids: Phospholipids
19.8 Membrane Lipids: Sphingoglycolipids
Chemistry at a Glance: Terminology for and Structural Relationships Among Various Types of Fatty-Acid-Containing Lipids
19.9 Membrane Lipids: Cholesterol
19.10 Cell Membranes
19.11 Emulsification Lipids: Bile Acids
19.12 Messenger Lipids: Steroid Hormones
19.13 Messenger Lipids: Eicosanoids
19.14 Protective-Coating Lipids: Biological Waxes
Chemistry at a Glance: Types of Lipids and How They Function
Chemical Connections: The Fat Content of Tree Nuts and Peanuts; Artificial Fat Substitutes; The Cleansing Action of Soap; Trans Fatty Acids and Blood Cholesterol Levels; Steroid Drugs in Sports; The Mode of Action for Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
20. Proteins
20.1 Characteristics of Proteins
20.2 Amino Acids: The Building Blocks for Proteins
20.3 Chirality and Amino Acids
20.4 Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids
20.5 Cysteine: A Chemically Unique Amino Acid
20.6 Peptide Formation
20.7 Biochemically Important Small Peptides
20.8 General Structural Characteristics of Proteins
20.9 Primary Structure of Proteins
20.10 Secondary Structure of Proteins
20.11 Tertiary Structure of Proteins
20.12 Quaternary Structure of Proteins
20.13 Fibrous and Globular Proteins
Chemistry at a Glance: Protein Structure
20.14 Protein Hydrolysis
20.15 Protein Denaturation
20.16 Glycoproteins
20.17 Lipoproteins
Chemical Connections: The Essential Amino Acids; Substitutes for Human Insulin; Protein Structure and the Color of Meat; Denaturation and Human Hair; Cyclosporine: An Antirejection Drug; Lipoproteins and Heart Attack Risk
21. Enzymes and Vitamins
21.1 General Characteristics of Enzymes
21.2 Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes
21.3 Enzyme Structure
21.4 Models of Enzyme Action
21.5 Enzyme Specificity
21.6 Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity
Chemistry at a Glance: Enzyme Activity
21.7 Enzyme Inhibition
21.8 Regulation of Enzyme Activity: Allosteric Enzymes
Chemistry at a Glance: Enzyme Inhibition
21.9 Regulation of Enzyme Activity: Zymogens
21.10 Antibiotics That Inhibit Enzyme Activity
21.11 Medical Uses of Enzymes
21.12 Vitamins
21.13 Water-Soluble Vitamins
21.14 Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Chemical Connections: H. pylori and Stomach Ulcers; Enzymatic Browning: Discoloration of Fruits and Vegetables; Heart Attacks and Enzyme Analysis
22. Nucleic Acids
22.1 Types of Nucleic Acids
22.2 Nucleotides: Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids
22.3 Primary Nucleic Acid Structure
22.4 The DNA Double Helix
22.5 Replication of DNA Molecules
22.6 Overview of Protein Synthesis
22.7 Ribonucleic Acids
Chemistry at a Glance: DNA Replication
22.8 Transcription: RNA Synthesis
22.9 The Genetic Code
22.10 Anticodons and tRNA Molecules
22.11 Translation: Protein Synthesis
22.12 Mutations
Chemistry at a Glance: Protein Synthesis
22.13 Nucleic Acids and Viruses
22.14 Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering
22.15 The Polymerase Chain Reaction
22.16 DNA Sequencing
Chemical Connections: Use of Synthetic Nucleic Acid Bases in Medicine; Antibiotics That Inhibit Bacterial Protein Synthesis
23. Biochemical Energy Production
23.1 Metabolism
23.2 Metabolism and Cell Structure
23.3 Important Intermediate Compounds in Metabolic Pathways
23.4 High-Energy Phosphate Compounds
23.5 An Overview of Biochemical Energy Production
23.6 The Citric Acid Cycle
Chemistry at a Glance: Simplified Summary of the Four Stages of Biochemical Energy Production
Chemistry at a Glance: Summary of the Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle
23.7 The Electron Transport Chain
Chemistry at a Glance: Summary of the Flow of Electrons Through the Four Complexes of the Electron Transport Chain
23.8 Oxidative Phosphorylation
Chemistry at a Glance: Summary of the Common Metabolic Pathway
23.9 ATP Production for the Common Metabolic Pathway
23.10 The Importance of ATP
23.11 Non-ETC Oxygen-Consuming Reactions
Chemical Connections: Cyanide Poisoning; Brown Fat, Newborn Babies, and Hibernating Animals; Flavonoids: An Important Class of Dietary Antioxidants
24. Carbohydrate Metabolism
24.1 Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates
24.2 Glycolysis
24.3 Fates of Pyruvate
24.4 ATP Production for the Complete Oxidation of Glucose
24.5 Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation
24.6 Gluconeogenesis and the Cori Cycle
24.7 Terminology for Glucose Metabolic Pathways
24.8 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Chemistry at a Glance: Glucose Metabolism
24.9 Hormonal Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism
Chemical Connections: Lactate Accumulation; Diabetes Mellitus
25. Lipid Metabolism
25.1 Digestion and Absorption of Lipids
25.2 Triacylglycerol Storage and Mobilization
25.3 Glycerol Metabolism
25.4 Oxidation of Fatty Acids
25.5 ATP Production from Fatty Acid Oxidation
25.6 Ketone Bodies
25.7 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids: Lipogenesis
25.8 Biosynthesis of Cholesterol
Chemistry at a Glance: Interrelationships Between Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism
25.9 Relationships Between Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism
Chemical Connections: High-Intensity Versus Low-Intensity Workouts; Statins: Drugs That Lower Plasma Levels of Cholesterol
26. Protein Metabolism
26.1 Protein Digestion and Absorption
26.2 Amino Acid Utilization
26.3 Transamination and Oxidative Deamination
26.4 The Urea Cycle
26.5 Amino Acid Carbon Skeletons
26.6 Amino Acid Biosynthesis
26.7 Hemoglobin Catabolism
Chemistry at a Glance: Interrelationships Among Lipid, Carbohydrate, and Protein Metabolism
26.8 Interrelationships Among Metabolic Pathways
Chemical Connections: The Chemical Composition of Urine
Arginine, Citrulline, and the Chemical Messenger Nitric Oxide |
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