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Melanins and Melanosomes: Biosynthesis, Biogenesis, Physiological, and Pathological Functions
Patrick A. Riley, Jan Borovansky (Editor
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Últimas novedades
biología
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| The surface pigmentation of vertebrates is controlled by specialized cells able to synthesize a variety of pigments collectively known as melanins. Recent research has shown that melanins are produced not only in the skin but also in many other sites such as the eye, inner ear, muscles, etc., - where they are engaged in some unanticipated roles. The details of the synthetic pathway, the complexities of its regulation and biological significance that have been unravelled in recent research comprise a fascinating story and are of key importance in understanding the nature of diseases, including malignant melanoma one of the most rapidly spreading cancers. |
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Dedication.
Preface.
List of Contributors.
1 History of Melanosome Research (Jan Borovansky).
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Melanosome Research in the Pre-Seiji Era.
1.3 Melanosome Research in the Seiji Era.
1.4 Melanosome Research in the Post-Seiji Era.
1.5 Other Historical Aspects.
Acknowledgments.
References.
2 Classical and Nonclassical Melanocytes in Vertebrates (Sophie Colombo, Irina Berlin, Veronique Delmas, and Lionel Larue).
2.1 Defi nition of Melanogenic Cells.
2.2 Distribution and Function of Melanogenic Cells.
2.3 Embryonic Development of Melanogenic Cells.
2.4 Transfer of Melanin from Classical and Nonclassical Melanocytes.
3 Biological Chemistry of o-Quinones (Patrick A. Riley, Christopher A. Ramsden, and Edward J. Land).
3.1 General Biological Signifi cance of o-Quinones.
3.2 o-Quinone Reactivity.
3.3 Role of o-Quinones in Melanogenesis.
4 Biosynthesis of Melanins (Jose Carlos Garcia-Borron and M. Concepcion Olivares Sanchez).
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Raper–Mason Pathway.
4.3 Structural and Functional Properties of the Melanogenic Enzymes.
4.4 Regulation of the Melanogenic Pathway.
4.5 Conclusions and Perspectives.
Acknowledgments.
References.
5 Inhibitors and Enhancers of Melanogenesis (Alain Taieb, Muriel Cario-Andre, Stefania Briganti, and Mauro Picardo).
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Depigmenting Agents.
5.3 Enhancers of Melanogenesis.
6 Structure of Melanins (Shosuke Ito, Kazumasa Wakamatsu, Marco d’Ischia, Alessandra Napolitano, and Alessandro Pezzella).
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Classification and General Properties of Melanins.
6.3 Biosynthetic Studies.
6.4 Degradative Studies.
6.5 Analysis of Eumelanins and Pheomelanins.
6.6 Conclusions.
References.
7 Properties and Functions of Ocular Melanins and Melanosomes (Malgorzata Rozanowska).
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 Biogenesis of Ocular Melanosomes and Melanogenesis.
7.3 Melanin Content in Pigmented Structures of the Eye.
7.4 Structure of Ocular Melanosomes.
7.5 Role of Ocular Melanin as a Broadband Optical Filter.
7.6 Antioxidant Properties of Ocular Melanin.
7.7 Pro-Oxidant Properties of Ocular Melanosomes.
7.8 Other Properties of Ocular Melanosomes and Their Implications.
7.9 Conclusions.
References.
8 Biological Role of Neuromelanin in the Human Brain and Its Importance in Parkinson’s Disease (Kay L. Double, Wakako Maruyama, Makoko Naoi, Manfred Gerlach, and Peter Riederer).
8.1 What are Neuromelanins?
8.2 Phylogenetic Development of Neuromelanin.
8.3 Development and Metabolism of Neuromelanin.
8.4 Structure of Neuromelanin.
8.5 Biological Role of Neuromelanin in the Human Brain.
8.6 Is Neuromelanin Involved in Neurological Disease?
8.7 Effects of Neuromelanin In Vitro and In Vivo.
8.8 Conclusions.
Acknowledgments.
References.
9 Biogenesis of Melanosomes (Cedric Delevoye, Francesca Giordano, Michael S. Marks, and Graca Raposo).
9.1 Introduction.
9.2 Melanosomes: Intracellular Organelles Specialized in Melanin Synthesis.
9.3 Endocytic System and Formation of Melanosomes.
9.4 Melanosome Maturation: Cargo Sorting to Mature Melanosomes.
9.5 Conclusions.
Acknowledgments.
References.
10 Transport and Distribution of Melanosomes (Mireille Van Gele and Jo Lambert).
10.1 Introduction.
10.2 Model Systems to Study Pigment Transport.
10.3 Intracellular Melanosome Transport.
10.4 Melanosome Motility in RPE: The Rab27a–Myrip–Myo7a Tripartite Complex.
10.5 Melanosome Transfer.
10.6 Fate of Melanin in the Keratinocyte.
10.7 Conclusions.
Acknowledgments.
References.
11 Genetics of Melanosome Structure and Function (Vincent J. Hearing).
11.1 Introduction.
11.2 Genes Involved in Melanoblast Development, Migration, and Specification.
11.3 Genes Involved in Melanocyte Differentiation, Survival, and Proliferation.
11.4 Genes Involved in Regulating Melanocyte Function.
11.5 Genes Involved in the Biogenesis of Melanosomes and Other Lysosome-Related Organelles.
11.6 Genes Involved in Melanin Production.
11.7 Genes Involved in Melanosome Movement, Transfer, and Distribution.
11.8 Conclusions.
References.
12 Physiological and Pathological Functions of Melanosomes (Jan Borovansky and Patrick A. Riley).
12.1 Tissue Concentration of Melanosomes.
12.2 Melanosome Properties and Functions Are Determined by Their Chemical Composition.
12.3 Functional Microanatomy of the Melanosome.
12.4 Melanosomes as Centers of Free Radical Activity.
12.5 Melanosomes as Energy Transducers.
12.6 Melanosomes and Metal Ions.
12.7 Affinity of Melanosomes for Polycyclic and Other Compounds.
12.8 Exploitation of Melanosomal Proteins and Melanin as Specific Targets in Melanoma Therapy.
12.9 Conclusions.
Acknowledgments.
References.
13 Dysplastic Nevi as Precursor Melanoma Lesions (Stanislav Pavel, Nico P.M. Smit, and Karel Pizinger).
13.1 Nevi as Risk Factors for Melanoma.
13.2 Dysplastic Nevi as Precursor Lesions of Melanoma.
13.3 Cytological Differences between Normal Skin Melanocytes and Dysplastic Nevus Cells: Melanosomal and Mitochondrial Aberrations.
13.4 Metabolic Differences between Normal Skin Melanocytes and Dysplastic Nevus Cells: Preference for Pheomelanogenesis in Dysplastic Nevus Cells.
13.5 Pheomelanogenesis as a Possible Cause of Intracellular Oxidative Imbalance.
13.6 Dysplastic Nevus Cells as Senescent Cells.
13.7 Are Dysplastic Nevus Cells a Class of Cells Exhibiting a Mutator Phenotype?
References.
Index.
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