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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface xv
Contributing Authors xvii
Chapter 1. Nanoscale Biosensors and Biochips 1
Wayne R. Leifert, Richard V. Glatz,
Kelly Bailey, Tamara Cooper, Marta Bally,
Brigitte Maria Stadler, Erik Reimhult and
Joseph G. Shapter
1. General Introduction 1
2. Biological Detectors Used in Biosensing and Biochips 3
2.1. G-Protein Coupled Receptor Biosensors (GPCRs) 3
2.2. Pore-Forming Proteins 13
2.3. Cell- and Viral-Based Sensing 16
3. Lipid Supports for Biosensor and Biochip Fabrication 25
3.1. Why Functionalize Biosensors with Lipid Membranes? 25
3.2. Methods to Assemble Supported Lipid Membranes 27
3.3. Supported Lipid Membrane Platforms 29
3.4. Advanced Sensors Functionalized with Lipid Membranes 32
3.5. Future Perspectives 33
4. Nanopatterning for Biosensing and Biochip Fabrication 34
4.1. Parallel Nanopatterning Methods 34
4.2. Serial Nanopatterning Methods 38
5. Sensing Substrates: A Closer Look at Nanotubes 40
5.1. Carbon Nanotube Electrodes for Communicating with
Redox Proteins 40
5.2. Aligned Carbon Nanotube Electrodes for Direct Electron
Transfer to Enzymes 43
6. Reporter Technologies: Nano-Sized Labels for Biosensing
Applications 45
6.1. Biosensors Utilizing Optical Reporting 46
6.2. Biosensors Utilising Electrochemical Reporting 50
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7. Biosensing Applications 53
7.1. Medical 53
7.2. Food and Wine 55
7.3. Explosives and Biowarfare 56
7.4. Environmental 57
8. Conclusion 59
References 60
Chapter 2. Surface Modifications and Applications of
Magnetic and Selective Nonmagnetic Nanoparticles 83
Rui Shen and Hong Yang
1. Introduction 83
2. General Approaches to Surface Modification of Nanostructures 86
2.1. Adsorption and Self-Assembly 87
2.2. Surface Modification Based on Organic Reactions 90
2.3. Surface Modification Based on Polymerization 92
2.4. Surface Modification with Inorganic Layers Based on
Sol-Gel Approaches 94
2.5. Surface Modification with Multiple or Composite Layers 99
2.6. Experimental Designs 100
2.7. Surface Modification in the Synthesis of Hollow Spheres 102
3. Surface Modification of Magnetic Nanostructures 103
3.1. Oxides 104
3.2. Metals 108
3.3. Metal Alloys 111
4. Surface Modification in the Synthesis of Higher-Ordered
and Complex Nanostructures 114
4.1. Hollow and Yolk-Shell Nanostructures 115
4.2. Anisotropic and Onion-Like Nanostructures 120
4.3. Other Higher Ordered Nanostructures 122
5. Applications of Surface-Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles 127
5.1. Surface Modifications in Nonbiological Applications 127
5.2. Surface Modifications in Biological Applications 129
6. Conclusion 137
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Acknowledgments 137
References 137
Chapter 3. Progress in Bionanocomposite Materials 149
Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky, Margarita Darder
and Pilar Aranda
1. Introduction 149
2. Bionanocomposites for Bioplastics 152
3. Bionanocomposites for Biomedical Applications 162
4. Bionanocomposites for Sensor Devices and Other Applications 171
5. Concluding Remarks 180
Acknowledgments 181
References 181
Chapter 4. Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Synthesis
and Applications 191
Juan L. Vivero-Escoto, Brian G. Trewyn and
Victor S.-Y. Lin
1. Introduction 191
2. Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles 193
2.1. Control of Morphology 194
2.2. Control of Surface Functionalization 199
3. Catalysis 202
3.1. Cooperative Catalysis (Acid/Base) 202
3.2. Gatekeeping Effect 204
3.3. Other Applications in Catalysis 206
4. Biotechnological and Biomedical Applications 208
4.1. Uptake and Intracellular Performance of MSNs 209
4.2. Controlled Delivery Systems 212
4.3. Biosensors 219
4.4. Multimodal Cell Imaging 222
5. Conclusions and Outlook 225
Acknowledgments 226
References 226
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Chapter 5. Nanostructured Mesoporous Materials as
Drug Delivery Systems 233
Isabel Izquierdo-Barba, Daniel Arcos and
Maria Vallet-Regí
1. Introduction 234
2. Cytotoxicity, Biocompatibility and Bioactivity of Silica
Mesoporous Materials 236
3. Tailoring Mesoporous Drug Delivery Systems-Textural
Properties Considerations 239
3.1. Pore Diameter 239
3.2. Surface Area 244
3.3. Pore Volume 244
3.4. Increasing the Surface Area - The Hybrid Route 245
4. Surface Functionalization of Mesoporous Drug Delivery
Systems 247
5. Dosage in Mesoporous Materials 250
6. Mesoporous Materials for Intracellular Targeting 254
6.1. Cell Mechanism for Particles Internalization 254
6.2. Microstructural Considerations for SiO2 Nanoparticles
Intracellular Targeting 256
7. Stimuli-Responsive Mesoporous Materials 259
7.1. Drug Release Mediated by Chemical Stimuli 260
7.2. Drug Release Mediated by Thermal Stimuli 263
7.3. Drug Release Mediated by Photo-Chemical Stimuli 263
7.4. Drug Release Mediated by Magnetic Stimuli 264
8. Conclusions and Outlook 267
Acknowledgments 269
References 269
Chapter 6. Chemical Synthesis, Self-Assembly and
Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles 275
Sheng Peng, Jaemin Kim and Shouheng Sun
1. Introduction 275
1.1. General Background 275
1.2. Chemical Syntheses of Nanoparticles 277
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2. Ferrite Nanoparticles: MFe2O4 (M = Fe, Mn, Co) 279
2.1. Chemical Syntheses of Spherical Ferrite Nanoparticles 280
2.2. Shape-Controlled Synthesis and Self-Assembly 283
2.3. Surface Modification for Biological Applications 286
3. Metallic Iron, Cobalt and Iron-Cobalt Alloy Nanoparticles 288
3.1. Synthesis and Stabilization of Metallic Fe, Co, and
FeCo Particles 289
3.2. Self-Assembly, Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Fe and Co 295
4. Tetragonal (L10-Phase) Hard Magnetic FePt Nanoparticles
and Their Applications 298
4.1. General Chemical Syntheses of fcc-FePt Nanoparticles
and the Phase Change via Thermal Treatment 299
4.2. Shape Controlled FePt Nanoparticles and Their
Self-Assembly 299
4.3. Synthesis of Dispersible fct-FePt Nanoparticles 301
5. Rare-Earth Hard Magnets: Going Into Nanoscale 303
6. Summary and Outlook 307
Acknowledgments 307
References 307
Chapter 7. Recent Development and Applications of
Nanoimprint Technology 317
Xing Cheng and L. Jay Guo
1. Introduction 317
2. Material Flow Behavior and the Associated Polymer Chain
Alignment in NIL 320
2.1. Polymer Chain Alignment in Nanoimprinted Polymer
Micro- and Nanostructures 320
2.2. Improving the Performance of Polymer Electronics by
Nanoimprint-Induced Chain Orientation 323
3. Reversal Nanoimprint Lithography 325
3.1. Principles of Reversal Nanoimprint 325
3.2. Residual Layer Removal in Reversal Nanoimprint 326
3.3. Building 3D Polymer Nanostructures 328
3.4. Process Yield of Reversal Nanoimprint 332
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4. Recent Applications of NIL 335
4.1. Organic Solar Cells with Imprinted Nanoscale
Morphology 335
4.2. Nanoimprinting Nafion® Film for Micro Fuel Cell
Applications 339
5. Roll-To-Roll Nanoimprint Lithography (R2RNIL) 341
6. Conclusion 346
Acknowledgments 348
References 348
Chapter 8. Three-Dimensional Nanostructure Fabrication by
Focused-Ion-Beam Chemical-Vapor-Deposition 351
Shinji Matsui
1. Introduction 351
2. Three-Dimensional Nanostructure Fabrication 352
2.1. Fabrication Process 353
2.2. Three-Dimensional Pattern Generating System 356
3. Nanoeletromechanics 359
3.1. Young’s Modulus Measurement 359
3.2. Free-Space-Nanowiring 364
3.3. Nanoelectrostatic Actuator 371
4. Nanooptics: Brilliant Blue Observation from a
Morpho-Butterfly-Scale Quasi-Structure 373
5. Nanobiology 376
5.1. Nanoinjector 376
5.2. Nanomanipulator 379
6. Summary 382
References 382
Chapter 9. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on
Nano-Structured Zinc Oxide 385
Qifeng Zhang and Guozhong Cao
1. Introduction 385
2. Nanostructures Offering Large Specific Surface Area 390
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2.1. ZnO Nanoparticulate Films 390
2.2. Nanoporous Structured ZnO Films 394
2.3. Other Nano-Structured ZnO Films 397
3. Nanostructures with Direct Pathway for Electron Transport 399
3.1. ZnO Nanowires 400
3.2. ZnO Nanotubes 403
3.3. ZnO Nanotips 403
3.4. ZnO Nanoflowers 404
3.5. Dendritic ZnO Nanowires 405
4. Core-shell Structures with ZnO Shell for Reduced
Recombination Rate 406
4.1. Fabrication of Core-Shell Structures and Influence of
Shell Thickness 407
4.2. The Role of ZnO Shell 408
5. Light Scattering Enhancement Effect 410
5.1. ZnO Aggregates 412
5.2. One-Dimensional ZnO Nanostructures for Light
Scattering 415
6. Limitation on ZnO-Based DSSCs 416
6.1. Instability of ZnO in Acidic Dyes 416
6.2. Low Electron Injection Efficiency 420
6.3. New Types of Photosensitizers for ZnO 422
7. Conclusion and Outlook 423
7.1. Surface Modification of ZnO Aggregates - An Indirect
Method for TiO2 Aggregates 426
7.2. Hydrothermal Growth of TiO2 Nanoparticle
Aggregates 427
7.3. Emulsion-Assisted Synthesis of TiO2 Nanostructure
Aggregation 428
7.4. Electrostatic Spray Deposition Fabrication of TiO2
Aggregates 429
7.5. Synthesis of Porous-Structured TiO2 Spheres 429
Acknowledgments 430
References 430
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Chapter 10. Nanocomposites as High Efficiency
Thermoelectric Materials 441
Suraj Joottu Thiagarajan, Wei Wang and
Ronggui Yang
1. Introduction to Thermoelectricity 442
2. Nanocomposites as Highly Efficient Thermoelectric Materials 450
2.1. Modeling of Phonon Transport 452
2.2. Modeling of Electron Transport 456
3. Synthesis of Thermoelectric Nanocomposites 459
3.1. Preparation of Nanocomposites by Compaction
Techniques 460
3.2. Synthesis of Nanocomposites by Phase Separation 467
4. Recent Achievements in Thermoelectric Nanocomposites 469
4.1. Bi2Te3-Based Nanocomposites for Low Temperature
Applications 470
4.2. Medium Temperature Materials 473
4.3. High Temperature Materials 477
5. Summary 479
Acknowledgments 480
References 481
Chapter 11. Nanostructured Materials for Hydrogen Storage 487
Saghar Sepehri and Guozhong Cao
1. Introduction 487
2. Hydrogen Storage by Physisorption 490
2.1. Nanostructured Carbon 491
2.2. Zeolites 493
2.3. Metal – Organic Frameworks 494
2.4. Clathrates 495
2.5. Polymers with Intrinsic Microporosity 497
3. Hydrogen Storage by Chemisorption 498
3.1. Metal and Complex Hydrides 499
3.2. Chemical Hydrides 502
3.3. Nanocomposites 504
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4. Summary 511
Acknowledgments 511
References 512
Chapter 12. Recent Advances in the Characterization of
Mesoporous Materials by Physical Adsorption 515
Matthias Thommes
1. Introduction 516
2. General Aspects of Surface and Pore Size Analysis
by Physisorption 521
3. Pore Condensation and Hysteresis in Mesoporous Materials 524
3.1. Pore Condensation 524
3.2. Interpretation of Adsorption Hysteresis 526
4. Comments to Mesopore Size Analysis 542
4.1. Classical Methods 542
4.2. Pore Size Analysis by Non Local Density Functional
Theory (NLDFT) 543
4.3. Hysteresis and Pore Size Analysis 546
5. Summary and Conclusion 548
Acknowledgment 550
References 550