Ecosystem services are the resources and processes supplied by natural ecosystems which benefit humankind (for example, pollination of crops by insects, or water filtration by wetlands). They underpin life on earth, provide major inputs to many economic sectors and support our lifestyles. Agricultural and urban areas are by far the largest users of ecosystems and their services and (for the first time) this book explores the role that ecosystem services play in these managed environments. The book also explores methods of evaluating ecosystem services, and discusses how these services can be maintained and enhanced in our farmlands and cities. This book will be useful to students and researchers from a variety of fields, including applied ecology, environmental economics, agriculture and forestry, and also to local and regional planners and policy makers.

Contributors xi

Reviewers xiv

Foreword xv

Introduction xvi
Steve Wratten, Harpinder Sandhu, Ross Cullen and Robert Costanza

Part A: Scene Setting 1

1 Ecosystem Services in Farmland and Cities 3
Harpinder Sandhu and Steve Wratten

2 Ecological Processes, Functions and Ecosystem Services: Inextricable Linkages between Wetlands and Agricultural Systems 16
Onil Banerjee, Neville D. Crossman and Rudolf S. de Groot

3 Key Ideas and Concepts from Economics for Understanding the Roles and Value of Ecosystem Services 28
Pamela Kaval and Ramesh Baskaran

Part B: Ecosystem Services in Three Settings 43

4 Viticulture can be Modified to Provide Multiple Ecosystem Services 45
Sofia Orre-Gordon, Marco Jacometti, Jean Tompkins and Steve Wratten

5 Aquaculture and Ecosystem Services: Reframing the Environmental and Social Debate 58
Corinne Baulcomb

6 Urban Landscapes and Ecosystem Services 83
Jürgen Breuste, Dagmar Haase and Thomas Elmqvist

Part C: Measuring and Monitoring Ecosystem Services at Multiple Levels 105

7 Scale-dependent Ecosystem Service 107
Yangjian Zhang, Claus Holzapfel and Xiaoyong Yuan

8 Experimental Assessment of Ecosystem Services in Agriculture 122
Harpinder Sandhu, John Porter and Steve Wratten

Part D: Designing Ecological Systems to Deliver Ecosystem Services 137

9 Towards Multifunctional Agricultural Landscapes for the Upper Midwest Region of the USA 139
Nicholas Jordan and Keith Douglass Warner

10 Supply Chain Management and the Delivery of Ecosystems Services in Manufacturing 157
Mary Haropoulou, Clive Smallman and Jack Radford

11 Market-based Instruments and Ecosystem Services: Opportunity and Experience to Date 178
Stuart M. Whitten and Anthea Coggan

Epilogue: Equitable and Sustainable Systems 194
Steve Wratten, Harpinder Sandhu, Ross Cullen and Robert Costanza

Index 196