Presenting the latest developments in the field, Wind Energy Systems: Control Engineering Design offers a novel take on advanced control engineering design techniques for wind turbine applications. The book introduces concurrent quantitative engineering techniques for the design of highly efficient and reliable controllers, which can be used to solve the most critical problems of multi-megawatt wind energy systems. This book is based on the authors’ experience during the last two decades designing commercial multi-megawatt wind turbines and control systems for industry leaders, including NASA and the European Space Agency. This work is their response to the urgent need for a truly reliable concurrent engineering methodology for the design of advanced control systems. Outlining a roadmap for such a coordinated architecture, the authors consider the links between all aspects of a multi-megawatt wind energy project, in which the wind turbine and the control system must be cooperatively designed to achieve an optimized, reliable, and successful system. Look inside for links to a free download of QFTCT—a new interactive CAD tool for QFT controller design with MATLAB® that the authors developed with the European Space Agency. The textbook’s big-picture insights can help students and practicing engineers control and optimize a wind energy system, in which large, flexible, aerodynamic structures are connected to a demanding variable electrical grid and work automatically under very turbulent and unpredictable environmental conditions. The book covers topics including robust QFT control, aerodynamics, mechanical and electrical dynamic modeling, economics, reliability, and efficiency. It also addresses standards, certification, implementation, grid integration, and power quality, as well as environmental and maintenance issues. To reinforce understanding, the authors present real examples of experimentation with commercial multi-megawatt direct-drive wind turbines, as well as on-shore, offshore, floating, and airborne wind turbine applications. They also offer a unique in-depth exploration of the quantitative feedback theory (QFT)—a proven, successful robust control technique for real-world applications—as well as advanced switching control techniques that help engineers exceed classical linear limitations.

Introduction Broad Context and Motivation Concurrent Engineering: A Road Map for Energy Quantitative Robust Control Novel CAD Toolbox for QFT Controller Design Outline Part I: Advanced Robust Control Techniques: QFT and Nonlinear Switching Introduction to QFT Quantitative Feedback Theory Why Feedback? QFT Overview Insight into the QFT Technique Benefits of QFT MISO Analog QFT Control System Introduction QFT Method (Single-Loop MISO System) Design Procedure Outline Minimum-Phase System Performance Specifications J LTI Plant Models Plant Templates of P?(s), P( j_i ) Nominal Plant U-Contour (Stability Bound) Tracking Bounds BR(j?) on the NC Disturbance Bounds BD(j?i) Composite Boundary Bo(j?i) Shaping of Lo(j?) Guidelines for Shaping Lo(j?) Design of the Prefilter F(s) Basic Design Procedure for a MISO System Design Example 1 Design Example 2 Template Generation for Unstable Plants Discrete Quantitative Feedback Technique Introduction Bilinear Transformations Non-Minimum-Phase Analog Plant Discrete MISO Model with Plant Uncertainty QFT w-Domain DIG Design Simulation Basic Design Procedure for a MISO S-D Control System QFT Technique Applied to the PCT System Applicability of Design Technique to Other Plants Designing L(w) Directly Diagonal MIMO QFT Introduction Examples and Motivation MIMO Systems—Characteristics and Overview MIMO QFT Control—Overview Nonsequential Diagonal MIMO QFT (Method 1) Sequential Diagonal MIMO QFT (Method 2) Basically Noninteracting Loops MIMO QFT with External (Input) Disturbances Non-Diagonal MIMO QFT Introduction Non-Diagonal MIMO QFT: A Coupling Minimization Technique (Method 3) Coupling Elements Optimum Non-Diagonal Compensator Coupling Effects Quality Function of the Designed Compensator Design Methodology Some Practical Issues Non-Diagonal MIMO QFT: A Generalized Technique (Method 4) Reformulation Translating Matrix Performance Specifications Comparison of Methods 3 and 4 QFT for Distributed Parameter Systems Introduction Background Generalized DPS Control System Structure Extension of Quantitative Feedback Theory to DPS Modeling Approaches for PDE Examples Nonlinear Switching Control Techniques Introduction System Stability under Switching Methodology Examples Part II: Wind Turbine Control Introduction to Wind Energy Systems Introduction Birth of Modern Wind Turbines Market Sizes and Investments Future Challenges and Opportunities Standards and Certification for Wind Turbines Introduction Standards: Definition and Strategic Value Standards: Structure and Development Certification of Wind Turbines General Concepts Wind Turbine Control Objectives and Strategies Introduction Control Objectives Control Strategies Control System Aerodynamics and Mechanical Modeling of Wind Turbines Introduction Aerodynamic Models Mechanical Models Electrical Modeling of Wind Turbines Introduction Electrical Models Power Electronic Converters Power Quality Characteristics Wind Farms Integration in the Power System Advanced Pitch Control System Design Introduction QFT Robust Control Design Nonlinear Switching Multi-Objective Design Nonlinear Robust Control Design for Large Parameter Variation Experimental Results with the Direct-Drive Wind Turbine TWT-1.65 Introduction Variable-Speed Direct-Drive Torres Wind Turbine Family Torres Wind Turbine Pitch and Rotor Speed Control Results Wind Farm Grid Integration: Torres Wind Turbine Results Voltage Dip Solutions: Torres Wind Turbine Results Blades Manufacturing: MIMO QFT Control for Industrial Furnaces Introduction Composite Materials Industrial Furnace Description Furnace Model Estimation of Furnace Parameters MIMO QFT Controller Design Experimental Results Smart Wind Turbine Blades Introduction General Description Some History Offshore Wind Energy: Overview Introduction History of Offshore Platforms Offshore Wind Farms Offshore Floating Wind Turbines Airborne Wind Energy Systems Introduction Overview of Airborne Wind Energy Systems Eagle System Appendix A: Templates Generation Appendix B: Inequality Bound Expressions Appendix C: Analytical QFT Bounds Appendix D: Essentials for Loop Shaping Appendix E: Fragility Analysis with QFT Appendix F: QFT Control Toolbox: User’s Guide Appendix G: Controller Design Examples Appendix H: Conversion of Units Problems Answers to Selected Problems References Index