Quantitative Ecotoxicology, Second Edition explores models and methods of quantitative ecotoxicology at progressively higher biological scales using worked examples and common software packages. It complements the author’s previous books, Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology, Third Edition and Ecotoxicology: A Comprehensive Treatment.

Encouraging a more rigorous inferential approach to research, the book examines the quantitative features of the science of ecotoxicology. The first chapters lay the foundation by introducing fundamental concepts and definitions. The author traces the historical perspective, rationale, and characteristics of scientific ecotoxicology as well as the general measurement process. He also considers methodologies for defining and controlling variance, which could otherwise exclude valid conclusions from ecotoxicological endeavors.

The book then discusses ecotoxicological concepts at increasing levels of ecological organization and outlines quantitative methods used to measure toxicant accumulation and effects. Reflecting the importance of establishing type I and type II error rates, it highlights design issues, particularly sample size and power estimation. The final chapter summarizes the book with a brief discussion of ecotoxicology from a nonregulatory perspective.

Extensively updated, this second edition has been expanded to include terrestrial as well as aquatic ecotoxicology. Requiring only a basic knowledge of statistics, this highly readable book is suitable for graduate students and researchers as well as practicing environmental scientists and engineers. It guides readers to better understand the fate and effects of toxicants in the biosphere—and helps them frame this understanding in quantitative terms.

What’s New in This Edition


•More than 40 new figures and 20 new worked examples
•Updated measurement quality methods and software
•Expanded coverage of synecological models and methods
•More integration of Bayesian concepts
•Appendices for power analysis and basic matrix methods
•Additional mixture toxicity and up-and-down methods
•Greatly expanded discussion of significance testing
•Expanded discussion of metapopulations
•Matrix tools for population demography
•Light isotope-based models for trophic transfer of toxicants
•Inclusion of metacommunity and SHE analysis techniques

Introduction

Ecotoxicology as a Scientific Discipline

Toxicants and Biosphere

Toxicant Effects in Ecosystems

Toxicant Fate in Ecosystems

Organization of Knowledge Based on Explanatory Principles

Bayesian Inference

Toward Strongest Possible Inference and Clear Ecological Relevance

References

The Measurement Process

General

Regions of Quantitation

Blank Correction

Accuracy and Precision

Variance Structure

Sample Size

Outliers

Summary

References

Bioaccumulation

General

Modeling Bioaccumulation: General Approach

Modeling Bioaccumulation: Alternative Approaches

Intrinsic Factors Affecting Bioaccumulation

Summary

References

Lethal and Other Quantal Responses to Stress

General

Dose-Response at a Set Endpoint

Time to Death

Quantifying the Effects of Extrinsic Factors

Quantifying Effects of Intrinsic Factors

Toxicant Mixtures

Summary

References

Statistical Tests for Detection of Chronic Lethal and Sublethal Stress

General

Method Selection

One-Way Analysis of Variance

Test of Normality: Shapiro–Wilk’s Test

Test for Homogeneity of Variances: Bartlett’s Test

Treatment Means Compared to the Control Mean

Monotonic Trend: Williams’s Test

Steel’s Multiple Treatment-Control Rank Sum Test

Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test with Bonferroni’s Adjustment

A Second Look at Statistical Testing

Inferring Biological Significance from Statistical Significance

Summary

References

Population and Metapopulation Effects

General

Epidemiology

Population Size

Demography

Spatial Distribution of Individuals

Population Genetics

Summary

References

Community Effects

General

Simple Species Interactions

Community Structure and Function

Composite Indices

Metacommunities

Trophic Exchange

Summary

References

Summary

Application

Facilitating Growth of the Science

References

Appendices

Appendix 1: Factors for Estimating Standard Deviation and Control Limits for Range

Appendix 2: One-Sample Tolerance Probability Comparisons between nm* and nm

Appendix 3: Critical Values of T Used to Test for Single Outliers (One-Sided Test)

Appendix 4: Critical Values for ? Used to Test for Multiple Outliers (a = 0.05)

Appendix 5: Response Metameters for Proportion Affected

Appendix 6: Maximum Likelihood Values for Dixon’s Up-and-Down Method

Appendix 7: E Values Used to Estimate 95% Confidence Intervals for LT50 with the

Litchfield Method

Appendix 8: Coefficients (an–i+1) for Shapiro–Wilk’s Test for Normality

Appendix 9: Percentage Points of Shapiro–Wilk’s WTest for Normality

Appendix 10: Dunnett’s tfor One-Sided Comparisons between pTreatment Means and a Control for a = 0.05

Appendix 11: Dunnett’s tfor Two-Sided Comparisons between pTreatment Means and a Control for a = 0.05

Appendix 12: Bonferroni’s Adjusted tValues for One-Sided Test and a = 0.01

Appendix 13: Bonferroni’s Adjusted tValues for One-Sided Test and a = 0.05

Appendix 14: Bonferroni’s Adjusted tValues for Two-Sided Test and a = 0.01

Appendix 15: Bonferroni’s Adjusted tValues for Two-Sided Test and a = 0.05

Appendix 16: Dunn–Šidák’s tfor Comparisons between pTreatment Means and a Control for a = 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 (One-Sided Test)

Appendix 17: Dunn–Šidák’s tfor Comparisons between pTreatment Means and a Control for a = 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 (Two-Sided Test)

Appendix 18: Williams’s ti,a for w= 1 and Extrapolation ßt(Superscript) for a One-Sided Test and a = 0.01

Appendix 19: Williams’s ti,a for w= 1 and Extrapolation ßt(Superscript) for a One-Sided Test and a = 0.05

Appendix 20: Williams’s ti,a for w= 1 and Extrapolation ßt(Superscript) for a Two-Sided Test and a = 0.01

Appendix 21: Williams’s ti,a for w= 1 and Extrapolation ßt(Superscript) for a Two-Sided Test and a = 0.05

Appendix 22: Significant Values of Steel’s Rank Sums for a One-Sided Test with a = 0.05 or 0.01

Appendix 23: Significant Values of Steel’s Rank Sums for a Two-Sided Test with a = 0.05 or 0.01

Appendix 24: Wilcoxon (Mann–Whitney) Rank-Sum Test Critical Values with Bonferroni’s Adjustments: One-Sided Test and a = 0.05

Appendix 25: Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test Critical Values with Bonferroni’s Adjustments: Two-Sided Test and a = 0.05

Appendix 26: SAS Code for Implementing the Jonckheere–Terpstra Test

Appendix 27: Balancing a, ß, and Effect Size (ES)

Appendix 28: Basic Matrix Methods

Appendix 29: Values of ? Used for Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Mean and Standard Deviation of Truncated Data

Index